In Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), the 3D printer reads the digital design file and then moves the extruder along the X, Y, and Z-axes to lay down the material layer by layer. The material is heated until it melts, and then it is deposited through a nozzle in thin layers. The material solidifies quickly as it cools down, forming a strong bond between layers. The process continues until the object is complete. FDM is widely used due to its simplicity, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness.

Applications

1. Prototyping: creation of physical models and prototypes for design validation
2. Manufacturing tooling: production of fixtures, jigs, and molds for manufacturing processes
3. End-use parts: creation of custom parts and low-volume production runs
4. Education: creation of educational models and tools for teaching and learning purposes
5. Art and design: creation of sculptures, models, and other artistic pieces
6. Aerospace and automotive: production of components for unmanned aerial vehicles, drones, and automotive parts.

Advantages

1. Affordable and accessible technology, making it widely available to consumers and small businesses
2. Wide range of materials to choose from, including low-cost plastics and engineering-grade materials
3. Ability to print large parts and multiple parts simultaneously
4. Easy to use and operate, requiring minimal training and expertise
5. Capable of producing parts with high strength and durability

Disadvantages

1. Limited resolution compared to some other 3D printing technologies
2. Layer lines and surface roughness may require additional post-processing
3. Parts may have visible imperfections and inconsistencies
4. Limited ability to create intricate, detailed parts
5. Parts may be prone to warping and shrinkage, requiring additional support structures.